Calculate n to the power of e modulo q using the exponentiation by squaring method. At each multiplication a modulo is calculated, allowing very large n and e values.

routines.powmod(3, 2, 5)

Convert a integer n into some base q. This method should scale with any integer and any logical base.

routines.base_q(123, 7)

Convert a hexadecimal bytearray into its base 10 representation. This only works with even length bytearrays so arbitrary numbers in hexadecimal form will not in general work.

routines.to_int(#"acab")

Convert a integer into a hexadecimal bytearray. This works for all integers but odd length bytearrays will be prefixed with a zero. This function combined with the to_int function allows a string to represent a number and still be used for calculations, pushing the 2^64 - 1 integer boundary.

routines.from_int(44203)